Following unusual seismic disturbances last week in the Baltic Sea, several leaks were discovered in the underwater Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines, near Denmark and Sweden.
Following unusual seismic disturbances in the Baltic Sea, several leaks were discovered last week in the underwater Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines, near Denmark and Sweden. Neither pipeline was transporting gas at the time of the blasts, but they still contained pressurized methane – the main component of natural gas. This spewed out, producing a wide stream of bubbles on the sea surface.
With the unexplained gas release posing a serious question about the incident’s environmental impact, a suite of complementary Earth observation satellites carrying optical and radar imaging instruments were called upon to characterize the gas leak bubbling in the Baltic.
This high-resolution image, captured by Pléiades Neo, shows the Nord Stream gas pipeline leak seen on September 29. Credit: Pléiades Neo
Although methane partly dissolves in water, released later as carbon dioxide, it is not toxic. However, it is the second most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas in our atmosphere causing climate change.
As the pressurized gas leaked through the broken pipe and traveled rapidly towards the sea surface, the size of the gas bubbles increased as the pressure reduced. On reaching the surface, the large gas bubbles disrupted the sea surface above the location of the pipeline rupture. The signature of the gas bubbling at the sea surface can be seen from space in several ways.
On September 26, Planet satellites captured an image of the Nord Stream Gas pipeline rupture in the Baltic Sea, approximately 20 km southeast of Bornholm Island, Denmark. Credit: Planet Labs PBC
Owing to the persistent cloud cover over the area, image acquisitions from optical satellites proved extremely difficult. High-resolution images captured by Pléiades Neo and Planet, both part of ESA’s Third Party Mission Program, showed the disturbance ranging from 500 to 700 m (1600 to 2300 feet) across the sea surface.
Several days later, as the pipelines’ gas emptied, a significant reduction in the estimated diameter of the methane disturbance was witnessed. Images captured by Copernicus Sentinel-2 and US Landsat 8 mission confirmed this.
As disturbances such as these cause a ‘roughening’ of the sea surface, this increases the backscatter observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instruments, which are extremely sensitive to changes in the sea surface at such a scale. These include instruments onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-1 and ICEYE constellation – the first New Space company to join the Copernicus Contributing Missions fleet.
This radar image was captured on September 28 by ICEYE— the first New Space company to join the Copernicus Contributing Missions fleet. Credit: ICEYE 2022
ESA’s Scientist for Ocean and Ice, Craig Donlon, said, “The power of active microwave radar instruments is that they can monitor the ocean surface signatures of bubbling methane through clouds over a wide swath and at a high spatial resolution overcoming one of the major limitations to optical instruments. This allows for a more complete picture of the disaster and its associated event-timing to be established.”
One of the ruptures occurred southeast of the Danish Island of Bornholm. Images from Sentinel-1 on September 24 showed no disturbance to the water. However, an ICEYE satellite passing over the area on the evening of September 28 acquired an image showing a disturbance to the sea surface above the rupture.
What about the methane released?
Although optical satellites can provide us with the radius of the methane bubbling over water, they offer little information on how much methane has been released into the atmosphere.
Monitoring methane over water is extremely difficult as water absorbs most of the sunlight in the shortwave infrared wavelengths that are used for methane remote sensing. This limits the amount of light reaching the sensor, thus making it extremely difficult to measure methane concentrations over the sea at high latitudes.
In response to the gas leak, GHGSat, a leader in methane emissions monitoring from space and also part of ESA’s Third Party Mission Program, tasked its satellites to measure the pipeline leak with its constellation of high-resolution satellites. By tasking its satellites to obtain measurements at larger viewing angles, GHGSat was able to target the area where the sun’s light reflected the strongest off the sea surface – known as the ‘glint spot’. On September 30, the estimated emission rate derived from its first methane concentration measurement was 79,000 kg per hour – making it the largest methane leak ever detected by GHGSat from a single point source. This rate is extremely high, especially considering it was four days following the initial breach, and this is only one of four rupture points in the pipeline. Credit: GHGSat
GHGSat, a leader in methane emissions monitoring from space and also part of ESA’s Third Party Mission Program, tasked its satellites to measure the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline leak with its constellation of high-resolution (around 25 m) satellites. By tasking its satellites to obtain measurements at larger viewing angles, GHGSat was able to target the area where the sun’s light reflected the strongest off the sea surface – known as the ‘glint spot’.
On September 30, the estimated emission rate derived from its first methane concentration measurement was 79,000 kg (174,000 pounds) per hour – making it the largest methane leak ever detected by GHGSat from a single point source. This rate is extremely high, especially considering it was four days following the initial breach, and this is only one of four rupture points in the pipeline.
GHGSat Director for Europe, Adina Gillespie, said, “Predictably, the media and the world have turned to space to understand the scale of the Nord Stream industrial disaster. While we await further investigation on the cause, GHGSat responded quickly, measuring 79,000 kg per hour of methane coming from the leaks. We will continue tasking GHGSat satellites for the Nord Stream sites until we no longer detect emissions.”
Claus Zehner, Copernicus Sentinel-5P, Altius and Flex Missions Manager, mentions: “Besides GHGSat, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite provided methane concentration measurements emitted by this pipeline leak which highlights the feasibility to use both public funded and commercial satellites in a synergistic way.”
The animation shows the gas leak as captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on September 30, 2022, compared to the acquisition on October 3 where no gas leak is visible. Credit: Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
Environmental impact
Although closed at the time, the two Nord Stream stems contained enough gas to release 300,000 tonnes of methane – more than twice the amount released by the Aliso Canyon leak in California over several months in 2015-16.
As large as it may be, the Nord Stream release pales in comparison with the 80 million tonnes emitted each year by the oil and gas industry. The latest release is roughly equivalent to one and a half days of global methane emissions.
This map shows the pair of Nord Stream natural gas pipelines that runs under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany. It comprises the Nord Stream 1 pipeline running from Vyborg in northwest Russia, near Finland, and the Nord Stream 2 pipeline running from Ust-Luga in northwest Russia near Estonia. Ship traffic in the map can be identified as blue and yellow lines and uses data from the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet). Red stars in the image depict the observed leaks as detected by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission. Click here to observe the area highlighted in images captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellites. Credit: ESA
Methane observations from the Sentinel-5P satellite can observe regions with enhanced methane concentrations from strong point sources all over the world. Satellite observations are a powerful tool for improving estimates of emission strength, with their ability to track how they change over time. They are also very useful in detecting previously unknown emission sources.
Looking ahead, the upcoming atmospheric Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring mission (CO2M) will carry a near-infrared spectrometer to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide, but also methane, at a good spatial resolution. This mission will provide the EU with a unique and independent source of information to assess the effectiveness of policy measures, and to track their impact on decarbonizing Europe and meeting national emission reduction targets.
Yasjka Meijer, ESA’s Scientist for Copernicus Atmospheric Missions, commented, “The CO2M Mission will provide global coverage and has a special mode above water to increase observed radiances by looking toward the sunglint spot, however it will be equally limited by clouds.”
