Researchers at the University of Ottawa have identified factors that influence the quality and complexity of 3D-printed food. Published in Physics of Fluids, the study highlights the importance of considering these factors for better quality, control, and efficiency in additive manufacturing of edible materials. This could potentially help address global food supply and nutrition challenges.
Researchers identify factors affecting the quality of edible materials produced by additive manufacturing.
3D-printing food could address global challenges in food supply and nutrition. But there are hurdles involved in adapting additive manufacturing to produce edible materials.
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Common toolpath patterns used in additive manufacturing technologies: a) raster, b) zigzag, c) contour, and d) spiral. Credit: Ezgi Pulatsu and Chibuike Udenigwe
“Extrusion-based 3D printing is the most applicable technique for food,” said Pulatsu. “It involves a syringe loaded with a food paste – such as puree, dough, or frosting – being forced out of a nozzle by direct (pushing the plunger) or indirect force (compressed air).”
Creating a stable continuous flow is the first step to successful printing, so designed shapes can be produced by layering stringlike material in a controlled way.
“Once a layer is deposited, we no longer want it to flow; otherwise, it will destroy the shape we created,” said Pulatsu.
Post-processing – through baking, boiling, cooking, freezing, frying, or drying – physically and chemically transforms the food’s micro- and macromolecules and leads to various textures and tastes. At the same time, the shape should be conserved or carefully controlled.
“We also have other mechanisms of creating food structures via different 3D-printing techniques,” Pulatsu said. “For example, material jetting uses liquid binders deposited on powder to form self-supporting layers, and liquid inks that harden after deposition can also be used.”
One way to make additive manufacturing more efficient for the food industry is by establishing a printing path (a series of computer-controlled movements), which is often skipped for food applications.
“Future studies should explore the cost efficiency of different technologies in terms of build time, where shape complexity and toolpath strategies – which involve the printing path, moving head speed, and nonprinting movements – are also considered,” said Pulatsu. “Food is essential to living, and it’s becoming more critical due to the increasing global population and environmental changes. Therefore, novel foods and matrices should be designed in consultation with chefs, food scientists, and engineers, and in line with current needs.”
Reference: “Perspectives, analyses, and progress in additive manufacturing of food” by Ezgi Pulatsu and Chibuike Udenigwe, 21 March 2023, Physics of Fluids.
DOI: 10.1063/5.0137328
